妖怪Yokai Almanac
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山

Mountains & the Wild

Beyond the villages — on sacred peaks, forest trails, and the dark road after nightfall — live the proud and the strange: mountain guardians, hags of the deep woods, and the apparitions that rear up over a lone traveler.

Most of Japan is mountain, but only about one person in ten lives in it. Most villages sat on flat land, in valleys and along the coast. To reach the next village, you walked through the forest.

So the mountain was two things. It fed people with timber and water. In many farming villages, a mountain god was said to come down in spring to guard the rice. Kodama is said to live in trees too old to cut. Daidarabocchi is a giant whose footprints became ponds. An 8th-century record tells of a giant like him.

The mountain also stood in the way. Many yokai here meet someone passing through. Yamauba offers a traveler a bed, and may eat them. Kamaitachi cuts a walker's legs on a dry, windy day. Tsurube-otoshi drops from the treetops.

Others never touch you at all. They simply cannot be explained. Betobeto-san is footsteps behind you on a dark road. Step aside, say "after you," and it goes. Yamabiko is your own voice coming back.

The same fear moved indoors. Akaname licks the grime in a filthy bathhouse. Mokumokuren is countless eyes on the paper screens of a ruined house. Outside or inside, it is the same moment: you cannot see well, and nobody can tell you what it is.

Each page below lists its sources.

Raiju

Raiju

雷獣

The beast that rides the lightning down — in some tellings tearing apart the tree it lands in.

swift
Dosojin

Dosojin

道祖神

A stone at the edge of the village, given offerings at New Year, standing where the road stops being yours.

benevolent
Norikoshi

Norikoshi

乗越入道

It starts as a small shadow, and the harder you look the further it rises over the roof.

eerie
Ash Priest

Ash Priest

灰坊主

It lives in the hearth ash. Poke the ash and it comes out — which was the point of saying so.

menacing
Kijimuna

Kijimuna

キジムナー

A red-haired child that lives in an old tree, most often a banyan. It brings endless fish to people who befriend it, but kills livestock or drowns those who harm its tree.

mischievous
Tall Bōzu

Tall Bōzu

高坊主

The same growing giant that other regions call taka-nyūdō, but a bōzu here.

eerie
Tall Priest

Tall Priest

高入道

It stands in the road and keeps getting taller as long as you keep looking up.

eerie
Ox-Striking Priest

Ox-Striking Priest

牛打ち坊

It slips into a cattle shed at night, leaves a tiny wound, and the animal is dead by morning.

ominous
Yagyō-san

Yagyō-san

夜行さん

An oni riding a headless horse, abroad on setsubun night and the year's turn.

menacing
Snow Hag

Snow Hag

雪婆

A one-legged old woman in the snow. You can follow her prints, and there is only ever one line.

menacing
Oppasho Stone

Oppasho Stone

オッパショ石

A stone by the road that asks to be carried, and gets heavier with every step you take.

mischievous
Mat Beater

Mat Beater

畳叩き

Someone beats a mat somewhere nearby, over and over. Nobody is there, and there is no mat.

eerie
Old Woodsman

Old Woodsman

古杣

A tree comes down in the night with the axe strokes and the crash, and in the morning nothing is felled.

mysterious
Tengu-tsubute

Tengu-tsubute

天狗礫

Stones fall from the sky with no thrower ever seen, blamed on a tengu.

menacing
Kamikakushi

Kamikakushi

神隠し

A child walks past the edge of the village and does not come back, and the search party knows which word to use for it.

ominous
Red Head

Red Head

赤頭

A two-legged figure whose red hair shines like the sun, too bright to look at twice; its feet stay hidden in the grass.

ominous
Shii

Shii

𤯝

A weasel-shaped thing that goes for cattle and horses, listed among the beasts in an Edo encyclopedia.

fierce
Shidai-daka

Shidai-daka

次第高

A human shape standing on a road. It grows taller each time you look up at it, and shrinks when you look down.

eerie
Noma

Noma

野馬

A one-eyed yokai that appears without warning before someone walking alone on a night road, attacks them and eats them.

elusive
Yosuzume

Yosuzume

夜雀

Something that cries 'chi, chi, chi' like a sparrow and follows you, front and behind, on a mountain road at night.

eerie
Red Bōzu

Red Bōzu

赤坊主

A red-robed monk who turns up in three unrelated stories — a stolen temple bell, a court omen, and a lantern on the shore.

ominous
Okuri-inu

Okuri-inu

送り犬

A dog that walks the mountain path behind you: stay on your feet and it sees you home, stumble and it is on you.

ambiguous
Suo-no-Ogama

Suo-no-Ogama

周防大蟆

A toad about 2.4 meters long in the Suō hills that does not chase its prey — it simply breathes it in.

menacing
Sunekosuri

Sunekosuri

脛擦り

Something small and dog-shaped that winds between your shins as you walk a wet Okayama road at night.

harmless
Basho no Sei

Basho no Sei

芭蕉精

The spirit of a banana plant that takes a woman's shape at night and speaks to whoever answers.

mysterious
Mayoiga

Mayoiga

迷い家

A house deep in the mountains with the kettle still boiling and nobody in it; take one bowl home and your family never wants again.

elusive
Hiyoribo

Hiyoribo

日和坊

A mountain spirit that appears only on clear days and simply cannot be seen when it rains.

benevolent
Ozato

Ozato

大座頭

A giant, tattered zatō who roams the main roads on stormy nights, always bound for the brothels to play his shamisen.

eerie
Shokera

Shokera

しょうけら

A clawed thing that peers down through the skylight on the one night you are required to stay awake.

eerie
Amikiri

Amikiri

網剪

A shrimp-like thing with scissor claws that snips mosquito nets and fishing nets with equal joy.

mischievous
Ouni

Ouni

苧うに

A hairy hag from a 1776 picture, later linked to a mountain woman who spins hemp at superhuman speed.

eerie
Himamushi-nyudo

Himamushi-nyudo

火間虫入道

The idler's yokai: a man who did nothing with his life, reborn as a thing that licks lamp oil and does nothing still.

harmless
Ganbari-nyudo

Ganbari-nyudo

加牟波理入道

A monk who peers up through the privy floor on New Year's Eve—unless you say his name first.

eerie
Yamawaro

Yamawaro

山童

A one-eyed, hairy mountain child—the kappa's mountain form—that helps loggers in exchange for food.

ambiguous
Shirime

Shirime

尻目

A bald figure on a Kyoto road with a single shining eye where its anus should be.

prankish
Tsurube-otoshi

Tsurube-otoshi

釣瓶落とし

A monstrous head that plummets from treetops to snatch anyone passing beneath at night.

menacing
Sagari

Sagari

下がり

A horse's head that dangles from an old hackberry tree, neighing to frighten passersby.

eerie
Yamachichi

Yamachichi

山地乳

A monkey-shaped creature with a pointed mouth that sucks a sleeper's breath. If someone else sees it, the sleeper lives long; if not, they die the next day.

sinister
Katawaguruma

Katawaguruma

片輪車

A flaming one-wheeled cart carrying a woman or a fearsome man; to glimpse it is to invite doom.

menacing
Oboroguruma

Oboroguruma

朧車

A ghostly ox-carriage bearing a huge, glaring face that drifts through misty nights.

ominous
Nozuchi

Nozuchi

野槌

A thick, mallet-shaped snake with a gaping mouth that rolls down slopes at travelers.

fierce
Uwan

Uwan

うわん

A voice that suddenly bellows 'Uwan!' from an empty, dilapidated house—and nothing more.

harmless
Keukegen

Keukegen

毛羽毛現

A creature covered in hair all over, like the hairy immortal woman of Chinese legend; its name can also be written to mean 'seen only rarely.'

sinister
Betobeto-san

Betobeto-san

べとべとさん

Footsteps with no body that follow a person walking a dark road at night. Step to the side, let it go first, and it leaves.

harmless
Mokumokuren

Mokumokuren

目目連

Countless eyes that appear on the paper sliding screens (shoji) of a ruined house.

eerie
Daidarabocchi

Daidarabocchi

だいだらぼっち

A colossal giant whose footsteps shaped Japan's lakes, hills, and valleys.

gentle giant
Basan

Basan

波山

A ghostly fire-breathing chicken whose cold flames give no heat.

elusive
Tofu-kozo

Tofu-kozo

豆腐小僧

A harmless boy yokai who trots through the rain carrying a block of tofu.

harmless
Kodama

Kodama

木霊

The spirit that dwells in an old tree; felling its host brings misfortune.

benevolent
Yamabiko

Yamabiko

山彦

A small mountain spirit blamed for the echoes that answer you in the hills.

elusive
Otoroshi

Otoroshi

おとろし

A hairy beast drawn on a shrine gate, later said to punish the irreverent.

menacing
Wanyudo

Wanyudo

輪入道

A flaming ox-cart wheel bearing the face of a tormented monk that rolls down roads.

menacing
Tenjoname

Tenjoname

天井嘗

A long-tongued yokai that licks ceilings; later books blame it for the dark stains overhead.

harmless
Akaname

Akaname

垢嘗

A small yokai that creeps into dirty bathhouses at night to lick up the grime.

harmless
Kamaitachi

Kamaitachi

鎌鼬

Whirlwind weasels that slash a traveler's legs with sickle-like claws, leaving painless wounds.

swift
Yamauba

Yamauba

山姥

A mountain crone who shelters travelers—then may devour them.

ambiguous
Mikoshi-nyudo

Mikoshi-nyudo

見越入道

A towering bald monk that grows taller the more you look up at it.

menacing
Nurarihyon

Nurarihyon

滑瓢

A gourd-headed old yokai who slips into homes and acts like the master.

mysterious
Hitotsume-kozo

Hitotsume-kozo

一つ目小僧

A childlike, one-eyed monk yokai that startles people on lonely roads.

harmless
Tengu

Tengu

天狗

A proud mountain spirit with a red face and long nose, master of martial arts.

proud