Mountains & the Wild
Beyond the villages — on sacred peaks, forest trails, and the dark road after nightfall — live the proud and the strange: mountain guardians, hags of the deep woods, and the apparitions that rear up over a lone traveler.
Most of Japan is mountain, but only about one person in ten lives in it. Most villages sat on flat land, in valleys and along the coast. To reach the next village, you walked through the forest.
So the mountain was two things. It fed people with timber and water. In many farming villages, a mountain god was said to come down in spring to guard the rice. Kodama is said to live in trees too old to cut. Daidarabocchi is a giant whose footprints became ponds. An 8th-century record tells of a giant like him.
The mountain also stood in the way. Many yokai here meet someone passing through. Yamauba offers a traveler a bed, and may eat them. Kamaitachi cuts a walker's legs on a dry, windy day. Tsurube-otoshi drops from the treetops.
Others never touch you at all. They simply cannot be explained. Betobeto-san is footsteps behind you on a dark road. Step aside, say "after you," and it goes. Yamabiko is your own voice coming back.
The same fear moved indoors. Akaname licks the grime in a filthy bathhouse. Mokumokuren is countless eyes on the paper screens of a ruined house. Outside or inside, it is the same moment: you cannot see well, and nobody can tell you what it is.
Each page below lists its sources.
Raiju
雷獣The beast that rides the lightning down — in some tellings tearing apart the tree it lands in.
swiftDosojin
道祖神A stone at the edge of the village, given offerings at New Year, standing where the road stops being yours.
benevolentNorikoshi
乗越入道It starts as a small shadow, and the harder you look the further it rises over the roof.
eerieAsh Priest
灰坊主It lives in the hearth ash. Poke the ash and it comes out — which was the point of saying so.
menacingKijimuna
キジムナーA red-haired child that lives in an old tree, most often a banyan. It brings endless fish to people who befriend it, but kills livestock or drowns those who harm its tree.
mischievousTall Bōzu
高坊主The same growing giant that other regions call taka-nyūdō, but a bōzu here.
eerieTall Priest
高入道It stands in the road and keeps getting taller as long as you keep looking up.
eerieOx-Striking Priest
牛打ち坊It slips into a cattle shed at night, leaves a tiny wound, and the animal is dead by morning.
ominousYagyō-san
夜行さんAn oni riding a headless horse, abroad on setsubun night and the year's turn.
menacingSnow Hag
雪婆A one-legged old woman in the snow. You can follow her prints, and there is only ever one line.
menacingOppasho Stone
オッパショ石A stone by the road that asks to be carried, and gets heavier with every step you take.
mischievousMat Beater
畳叩きSomeone beats a mat somewhere nearby, over and over. Nobody is there, and there is no mat.
eerieOld Woodsman
古杣A tree comes down in the night with the axe strokes and the crash, and in the morning nothing is felled.
mysteriousTengu-tsubute
天狗礫Stones fall from the sky with no thrower ever seen, blamed on a tengu.
menacingKamikakushi
神隠しA child walks past the edge of the village and does not come back, and the search party knows which word to use for it.
ominousRed Head
赤頭A two-legged figure whose red hair shines like the sun, too bright to look at twice; its feet stay hidden in the grass.
ominousShii
𤯝A weasel-shaped thing that goes for cattle and horses, listed among the beasts in an Edo encyclopedia.
fierceShidai-daka
次第高A human shape standing on a road. It grows taller each time you look up at it, and shrinks when you look down.
eerieNoma
野馬A one-eyed yokai that appears without warning before someone walking alone on a night road, attacks them and eats them.
elusiveYosuzume
夜雀Something that cries 'chi, chi, chi' like a sparrow and follows you, front and behind, on a mountain road at night.
eerieRed Bōzu
赤坊主A red-robed monk who turns up in three unrelated stories — a stolen temple bell, a court omen, and a lantern on the shore.
ominousOkuri-inu
送り犬A dog that walks the mountain path behind you: stay on your feet and it sees you home, stumble and it is on you.
ambiguousSuo-no-Ogama
周防大蟆A toad about 2.4 meters long in the Suō hills that does not chase its prey — it simply breathes it in.
menacingSunekosuri
脛擦りSomething small and dog-shaped that winds between your shins as you walk a wet Okayama road at night.
harmlessBasho no Sei
芭蕉精The spirit of a banana plant that takes a woman's shape at night and speaks to whoever answers.
mysteriousMayoiga
迷い家A house deep in the mountains with the kettle still boiling and nobody in it; take one bowl home and your family never wants again.
elusiveHiyoribo
日和坊A mountain spirit that appears only on clear days and simply cannot be seen when it rains.
benevolentOzato
大座頭A giant, tattered zatō who roams the main roads on stormy nights, always bound for the brothels to play his shamisen.
eerieShokera
しょうけらA clawed thing that peers down through the skylight on the one night you are required to stay awake.
eerieAmikiri
網剪A shrimp-like thing with scissor claws that snips mosquito nets and fishing nets with equal joy.
mischievousOuni
苧うにA hairy hag from a 1776 picture, later linked to a mountain woman who spins hemp at superhuman speed.
eerieHimamushi-nyudo
火間虫入道The idler's yokai: a man who did nothing with his life, reborn as a thing that licks lamp oil and does nothing still.
harmlessGanbari-nyudo
加牟波理入道A monk who peers up through the privy floor on New Year's Eve—unless you say his name first.
eerieYamawaro
山童A one-eyed, hairy mountain child—the kappa's mountain form—that helps loggers in exchange for food.
ambiguousShirime
尻目A bald figure on a Kyoto road with a single shining eye where its anus should be.
prankishTsurube-otoshi
釣瓶落としA monstrous head that plummets from treetops to snatch anyone passing beneath at night.
menacingSagari
下がりA horse's head that dangles from an old hackberry tree, neighing to frighten passersby.
eerieYamachichi
山地乳A monkey-shaped creature with a pointed mouth that sucks a sleeper's breath. If someone else sees it, the sleeper lives long; if not, they die the next day.
sinisterKatawaguruma
片輪車A flaming one-wheeled cart carrying a woman or a fearsome man; to glimpse it is to invite doom.
menacingOboroguruma
朧車A ghostly ox-carriage bearing a huge, glaring face that drifts through misty nights.
ominousNozuchi
野槌A thick, mallet-shaped snake with a gaping mouth that rolls down slopes at travelers.
fierceUwan
うわんA voice that suddenly bellows 'Uwan!' from an empty, dilapidated house—and nothing more.
harmlessKeukegen
毛羽毛現A creature covered in hair all over, like the hairy immortal woman of Chinese legend; its name can also be written to mean 'seen only rarely.'
sinisterBetobeto-san
べとべとさんFootsteps with no body that follow a person walking a dark road at night. Step to the side, let it go first, and it leaves.
harmlessMokumokuren
目目連Countless eyes that appear on the paper sliding screens (shoji) of a ruined house.
eerieDaidarabocchi
だいだらぼっちA colossal giant whose footsteps shaped Japan's lakes, hills, and valleys.
gentle giantBasan
波山A ghostly fire-breathing chicken whose cold flames give no heat.
elusiveTofu-kozo
豆腐小僧A harmless boy yokai who trots through the rain carrying a block of tofu.
harmlessKodama
木霊The spirit that dwells in an old tree; felling its host brings misfortune.
benevolentYamabiko
山彦A small mountain spirit blamed for the echoes that answer you in the hills.
elusiveOtoroshi
おとろしA hairy beast drawn on a shrine gate, later said to punish the irreverent.
menacingWanyudo
輪入道A flaming ox-cart wheel bearing the face of a tormented monk that rolls down roads.
menacingTenjoname
天井嘗A long-tongued yokai that licks ceilings; later books blame it for the dark stains overhead.
harmlessAkaname
垢嘗A small yokai that creeps into dirty bathhouses at night to lick up the grime.
harmlessKamaitachi
鎌鼬Whirlwind weasels that slash a traveler's legs with sickle-like claws, leaving painless wounds.
swiftYamauba
山姥A mountain crone who shelters travelers—then may devour them.
ambiguousMikoshi-nyudo
見越入道A towering bald monk that grows taller the more you look up at it.
menacingNurarihyon
滑瓢A gourd-headed old yokai who slips into homes and acts like the master.
mysteriousHitotsume-kozo
一つ目小僧A childlike, one-eyed monk yokai that startles people on lonely roads.
harmlessTengu
天狗A proud mountain spirit with a red face and long nose, master of martial arts.
proud