妖怪Yokai Almanac
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女

Female Yokai

Snow women, snake women, a woman with two mouths, a neck that stretches at night. Here are the women of Japanese folklore, sorted by what they do.

?Why are so many yokai women?For centuries, Japan's most feared ghosts were men. Here is what changed, and why.Read the answer ↓

People often search for these yokai by what they saw, not by name. A snake woman. A snow woman. A woman with a mouth on the back of her head. This page is built for that kind of search. Find the group that fits, then open the card.

Many people expect these women to be ghosts. Most of them are not. Only a few are clearly the spirits of dead women. More look like ordinary women, with one thing wrong. Others belong to a place: the mountains, the snow, or the sea.

Many are old women. The artist Toriyama Sekien drew a set of them in 1779 and 1781. Six are modern urban legends, from about 1950 to 2008.

The last group is different. A fox, a spider or a cat can take a woman's shape. Underneath, it is still a fox, a spider or a cat. We list those apart, so you can tell which is which.

We only list a yokai here if its own page describes it as a woman, or in a woman's shape. Each page names the oldest source we found.

Ghosts of dead women

Women who died, and came back as a ghost, a skeleton, a fire or a doll.

Demon women and serpent women

Women who turn into an oni or a snake, or appear as one.

Women of the mountains, snow and sea

Each belongs to a place: a mountain, a snowfield or a shore.

Women with something wrong

She looks ordinary. Then her neck, mouth, eyes, height or hair gives her away.

Old women and court ladies from Sekien's prints

Each appears in a picture book by Toriyama Sekien, from 1779 or 1781.

Goddesses and spirits

Not human women, but described as female.

Urban legend women

Rumors from schools, roads and the internet, from about 1950 to 2008.

Creatures that take a woman's shape

Not women underneath. A fox, a spider, a cat, an otter, a snail or a plant wearing a woman's form.

Why are so many yokai women?

Picture a Japanese ghost. You probably see a woman in a white kimono. Her long black hair hangs loose. Most pages explain her in one line. Women were wronged, and society gave them no other way to fight back. That answer is not wrong. But it skips a thousand years of history.

For centuries, the most feared ghosts were men

Japan's oldest famous grudge spirits are men, with real names and dates. They are called onryō. The court blamed them for lightning, fire and disease.

In 930, lightning struck a hall inside the imperial palace. It killed three people. People said the exiled minister Sugawara no Michizane had become a thunder god. Kyoto built him a shrine. Today he is the god of learning.

Taira no Masakado rebelled against the court and died in 940. His grave mound in Tokyo was said to bring trouble for centuries. Emperor Sutoku lost a war to his brother and died in exile in 1164. From 1177, courtiers blamed his grudge for fires and unrest in Kyoto.

Today these three are called the "three great onryō". That grouping is modern, not ancient. But each man was feared on his own, long before Edo.

The woman in white is much younger

The ghost we picture now was built step by step. A footless ghost was first printed in Kyoto in 1673. The full look, with white robe, loose hair and no feet, settled in the late 1700s. Why Japanese ghosts have no feet tells that story. Michizane's lightning came about 750 years earlier.

The most famous ghost woman was played by a man

Her name is Oiwa. She is the ghost of the kabuki play Tōkaidō Yotsuya Kaidan. It opened in Edo in 1825. In the play, her husband poisons her to get ahead. Her ghost ruins him.

The first Oiwa on stage was the actor Onoe Kikugorō III. He was a man. Women had been banned from the kabuki stage since 1629. Men played every woman's role. So the most famous woman ghost was first played by a man. He was also known for plays about everyday town life.

One way to read this

Look at what each ghost attacks. The men's grudges hit the state. Lightning struck the palace. Fires and unrest shook the capital. The women's ghosts hit a home. Oiwa haunts the husband who poisoned her. Okiku was a maid in a samurai house. In many tellings, she was killed and thrown into its well. Now she counts plates there every night.

So a grudge seems to be as big as its owner's world. A minister's world was the court. An Edo wife's world was her house. The stories of Oiwa and Okiku are tragedies inside a home. In stories like these, the ghost is a woman. This is our reading, not a proven fact.

Outside ghosts and rumors, men lead

We read every yokai page on this site. For each one, we noted what the page says about gender. Most yokai have none. They are animals, objects, fires or sounds.

WomenMenBoth or variesNo gender
All 218 yokai on this site423113132
Ghosts and modern rumors (64)315523
Everything else (154)11268109

Overall, women lead men, 42 to 31. But that lead comes only from ghosts and modern rumors. Everywhere else, men lead, 26 to 11. Oni and mountain spirits are mostly men. Many men are named as monks or boys: nyūdō, bōzu, kozō.

Most female yokai are not victims, either. Only 9 of the 42 come from a death or a wrong done to them. Many are alive and strong. Yuki-onna freezes travelers in the snow. Yamauba can overpower grown men. Others are animals, like a fox, wearing a woman's shape.

Then the women came back in schools

Women return in modern rumors. Hanako-san lives in a school toilet, from about 1950. Kuchisake-onna spread through schools in Gifu in 1978. Seven of our 16 modern legends are women. Only two are men. One way to read it: the school is the next small world after the home. Again, this is a reading, not a proof.

What we can't say

These are the 218 yokai on our site, not every yokai in Japan. Gender comes from our own pages, and some calls are close. The "ways to read this" are ours. The numbers show where the women are. They cannot prove why.

Outside sources

  • Onoe Kikugorō III premiered the role of Oiwa: Nihon Kokugo Daijiten and Nihon Daihyakka Zensho, via Kotobank (尾上菊五郎)
  • Tōkaidō Yotsuya Kaidan premiered at the Nakamura-za, Edo, in 1825; plot: Daijisen, via Kotobank (東海道四谷怪談)
  • Women's kabuki banned in 1629; onnagata are male actors in women's roles: Nihon Daihyakka Zensho and Mypaedia, via Kotobank (女方)